Visual Acuity:
- Patient stands 3 or 6m (9/19ft) away from a Snellen or LogMAR chart and covers one eye. In case they wear glasses/contact lenses, these should be worn during the test
- The patient is asked to read the letters on the chart out aloud
- If visual acuity is less than 20/20 or 6/6 vision, use a pinhole test where the patient reads through a 2mm pinhole
Visual Quadrants:
- Patient sits in front of the examiner and looks into the eyes of the examiner
- The examiner places two fingers in all visual quadrants at around 60° from the meridian
- The examiner wiggles the fingers at random and asks the patient to indicate which fingers are wiggling
- Furthermore, the fingers can be moved diagonally to the midline and the patient has to respond once the fingers appear in their visual field
Reflex Function:
- Patient makes a shield between their eyes with one hand
- The examiner shines a light into the pupil and observes for the narrowing of the patient’s pupil to check for intact direct and consensual reflex
- The procedure is repeated on the other eye
Positive Outcome: Side-by-side differences for visual acuity. Optic nerve damage would result in no reflex contraction of the pupils upon shining the light in the affected eye. Illuminating the other eye results in a normal response
|
Study |
Reliability | Sn | Sp | LR+ | LR- |
| Damadoran et al. (2014) | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
